Huckleberry Finn Should Be Banned

Huckleberry Finn ought to be prohibited from schools. There are a few issues in the novel that schools ought not allow their understudies to find out about and study. These issues are outrageous bigotry, Huck scrutinizing the guidelines of society, and showing terrible ethics. Huckleberry Finn contains a few supremacist remarks. In today’s society, there are individuals who will take these remarks obnoxiously Huck says, â€Å"according to the familiar axiom, ‘Give a nigger an inch and he’ll take an ell. † Huck is expressing that others accept the African American slaves were to have severe standards to maintain in such a case that you let them pull off something once, they will make the most of that chance and attempt to pull off something different later on later on. During the time that Huckleberry Finn was composed, African Americans didn't have the opportunity that they do today. They were viewed as property, not residents, which individuals would purch ase, exchange, and own. All through Huckleberry Finn, Huck is continually scrutinizing the standards of his society.One model is when Huck says, â€Å"The widow rung a bell for dinner, and you needed to come to time. At the point when you got to the table you were unable to go right to eating, yet you needed to trust that the widow will fold down her head and protest a little over the victuals, however there warn't generally anything the issue with them. † When he is expressing this, he accepts that the standards in the general public he lives in are frivolous and futile. In the event that understudies are permitted to understand this, they may start to feel that it is alright to scrutinize the principles that our legislature have set and conceivably not tail them since they think they are frivolous or useless.The last explanation that Huckleberry Finn ought to be restricted from schools is that Huck shows terrible ethics for the understudies who need to peruse this novel. Ra ther than adhering to the standards of the general public he has grown up with, he utilizes made up rules of Tom Sawyer and doesn’t question them. â€Å"So Tom got out a piece of paper that he had composed the promise on, and read it. It swore each kid to adhere to the band, and never tell any of the secrets,† This statement gives a case of the guidelines that Tom Sawyer set that Huck started to adopt.This band was set up such that it appeared to be a club or a posse. Understudies may understand this and start to imagine that since they don't accept what the guidelines of society are, that it is alright to join a club to revolt and have their own arrangement of rules. Along these lines, Huckleberry Finn ought to be prohibited from all schools. The issues that simply have been talked about ought to be mulled over. With the extraordinary bigotry, the scrutinizing of the general public by Huck, and the encouraging terrible ethics ought to be sufficient to boycott this nov el.

Early childhood educators Essay

Scholar What commitment to the field of ECE did this scholar make? When and Where? Recognize authentic issues and current patterns in the youth care calling. Offer a case of how the scholars work is utilized today. Rousseau was the writer of few instruction books; he suggested that kids be taught in good, agreeable situations liberated from grown-up predominance (Follari, 2011). Rousseau was powerful in both Europe and America in the mid to late 1700’s. Rousseau underscored out of the self-teaching and saw youngsters as inherently great. Rousseau diminished the significance of learning by perusing and accentuated learning by understanding. A case of his work is considered today to be youngsters learn through play. Pestalozzi Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi distributed a book in 1801 that helped impact the advancement of seeing his hypotheses put enthusiastically. The â€Å"Pestalozzi method† was tried in 1805 at his school in Yverdon (Johann, n. d. ) Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was an instruction reformer who was energetic about getting training to poor kids and encouraging techniques intended to fortify the understudies own capacities. He needed kids to be instructed all in all ( Follari, 2011). A case of Pestalozzi’s work can be seen through field trips, riddles, squares, and physical exercise. Froebel made Kindergarten spread quickly through Europe and in the end to the U. S. He made what is known as Froebel endowments. He structured balls, wooden square, tiles, sticks, and rings to show that kids could learn while at play (Follari, 2011). Froebel based his convictions in showing kids on logic. He figured youngsters could pick up information by sensibly considering ideas from a given reason. He began by giving his blessings and having the youngsters work through them (Follari, 2011). A case of Froebel’s work can been seen through Kindergarten (Follari, 2011). Peabody Elizabeth Peabody opened the principal English talking kindergarten in Boston, MA in 1859(Follari, 2011). She likewise made the American Froebel Society to give a few guidelines and innovation of kindergarten programs. (Follari, 2011). Elizabeth Peabody was against the hands-on objects strategy for guidance. She enjoyed individualized guidance. She thought youngsters required cautious heading to grow appropriately (Follari, 2011). A case of her work is the acknowledgment of kindergarten as an acknowledged foundation in U. S. instruction (Today, n. d. ). Piaget During the 1970’s and 1980’s, Piagets speculations propelled the change of European and American training (Follari, 2011). Piaget thought learning happens because of experience, both physical and consistent. He figured information couldn't really be shaped until the student has developed to the psychological status that the learning is indicated to. He accepted that kids made good decisions dependent on their own perceptions of the world (Follari, 2011). Piaget’s speculations were utilized in the creating of the Dynabook programming framework (Jean, n. d. ) Vygotsky. Lev Vygotsky proposed a hypothesis of the improvement of higher psychological capacities in youngsters that considered the to be of the thinking as rising through viable movement in a social domain. The vast majority of his work was impact in Eastern Europe in the 1920’s and later on in America (Lev, 2013) Vygotsky accepted that youngsters sorted out their intuition by private discourse. His hypothesis recommends that youngsters have formative wraths which the kid can be helped with working at more significant levels than are conceivable alone (Follari, 2011). A case of his work would platform (Follari, 2011). Gesell. Dewey John Dewey’s training theory sent the dynamic instruction development, and brought forth the advancement of experiential instruction projects and examinations (Follari, 2011). John Dewey accepted that instruction ought to be founded on children’s interests and ought to include them in dynamic encounters. He figured a functioning educational plan ought to be incorporated instead of isolated into topic segments(Follari, 2011). Critical thinking exercises. References Follari, L. M. (2011). Establishments and Best Practices in Early Childhood Education: History, Theories and Approaches to Learning (second ed., pp. 24-47). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Jean Piaget. (n. d. ). Jean Piaget. Recovered from http://www. nndb. com/individuals/359/000094077/Lev Vygotsky. (2013, November 17). Wikipedia. Recovered from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: Pedagogy, instruction and social equity. (n. d. ). Infedorg. Recovered from http://infed. organization/mobi/johann-heinrich-pestalozzi-teaching method instruction and-social-equity/Today ever. (n. d. ). : May 16. Recovered from http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/today/may16. html.

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Fuquas Facilities

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Fuqua’s Facilities The Fuqua School of Business is located on Duke University’s West Campus near the intersection of Science Drive and Towerview Drive. Students often congregate in the Fox Center, a 70,000 square foot facility that was built in 2002. Linking the main wings of the school and featuring a café, enormous windows and spacious indoor winter garden, the Fox Center is the hub of the school. Students can eat breakfast and lunch here, grab a coffee, conduct team meetings or just take a breather between classes or during the 15-minute break in each class period. In August 2008, Fuqua opened the 91,000 square foot Doug and Josie Breeden Hall, the “new front door of the School for students and visitors,” as it was described in the student newspaper, the Fuqua Bulletin. Named after former dean Douglas Breeden (2001â€"2006), the building boasts a three-story atrium, two auditoriums (which seat 126 and 146 people), the expanded Ford Library, three 70-seat lecture rooms and a suite of team rooms . All told, Fuqua’s campus now covers nearly 500,000 square feet, with 58 team rooms, ten classrooms and seven seminar rooms. For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Duke Fuqua or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Friday Factoids Blog Archive Friday Factoid Fuqua’s Facilities The Fuqua School of Business is located on Duke University’s West Campus near the intersection of Science Drive and Towerview Drive. Students often congregate in the Fox Center, a 70,000 square foot facility that was built in 2002. Linking the main wings of the school and featuring a café, enormous windows, and spacious indoor winter garden, the Fox Center is the hub of the school. Students can eat breakfast and lunch here, grab a coffee, conduct team meetings, or just take a breather between classes or during the 15-minute break in each class period. In August 2008, Fuqua opened the 91,000 square foot Doug and Josie Breeden Hall, the “new front door of the School for students and visitors,” as it was described in the student newspaper, the Fuqua Bulletin. Named after former dean Douglas Breeden (2001â€"2006), the building boasts a three-story atrium, two auditoriums (which seat 126 and 146 people), the expanded Ford Library, three 70-seat lecture rooms, and a suite of team ro oms. All told, Fuqua’s campus now covers nearly 500,000 square feet, with 58 team rooms, ten classrooms and seven seminar rooms. In February 2015, the school undertook a major renovation project for the R. David Thomas Executive Conference Center. Once completed in mid-2016, the center will add more than 90,000 extra square feet, including a 5,600 square foot ballroom. For more information on other defining characteristics of the MBA program at Duke Fuqua or one of 15 other top business schools, please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Friday Factoids

Gandhis Act Of Civil Disobedience - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 506 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Disobedience Essay Mahatma Gandhi Essay Did you like this example?   For a long time people have fought for freedom and liberty against those that oppress them. One example of civil disobedience was Gandhis Mahatma also known as The Great Soul because he was an influential person who fought for the equality of the people of India. Gandhis ideals come from being influenced by his devoted mother about Hinduism and Jainism believing in nonviolence and respecting all religions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gandhis Act Of Civil Disobedience" essay for you Create order One way he demonstrated his discontent was by marching 241 miles on the coastal town of Dandi to the Arabian sea. This is seen as an act of civil disobedience because he was going against the British government in a peaceful manner by protesting non violently. He protested against the British due to the fact they refused to allow India to collect or sell salt. This act of civil disobedience was effective because even the British leaders acknowledged him as a force they could not suppress or ignore and finally granted Indias Independence on August 15, 1947.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhis act of civil disobedience was a great way to limit the amount of tension between the British government and the protesters. In 1888 Gandhi sailed to England to study to become a lawyer his first job in an indian company required him to move to South Africa. Was discriminated on a train because he had a dark complexion and was forced to give up his seat and sit on the floor. Staying in Africa for 20 years to fight against their discriminatory laws the government   during that time the rulers were The boers (Descendants of white settlers) passed a law requiring all Indians to register with the police and be fingerprinted. Gandhi and a group of Indians refuse to obey the law and were put in jail. In jail Gandhi read the essay civil disobedience By David Henry Thoreau a 19th century American writer. Gandhi adopted the term civil disobedience to describe his strategy of non-violently refusing to cooperate with injustice. Instead preferring to use the sanskrit word satyagraha (meaning devotion to truth).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Returning to India to help fight the unjust laws of the British leading a group of 78 followers on a march to the Arabian sea defying the british authorities by making salt from the sea water. His followers and himself walked over 390 kilometers (241 mil) from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram.   Gandhi addressed large crowds within each passing day an increasing amount of people joined their march also called the salt satyagraha. By the time they reached Dandi the Arabian town Gandhi was ahead of tens of thousands, speaking and leading prayers while walking toward the beach to make salt. Soon after civil disobedience broke out across all of india involving millions of indians causing authorities to arrest more than 60,000 people Ganhi himself was captured on May 5th but the protesters continued without him. After Gandhis arrest a new leader rose ,On may 21, the poet Sarojini Naidu led 2,500 protesters on the Dharasana Salt Works, some 150 miles nort h of Bombay. Several hundred british-led indian police men ,met the protestors and brutally beating the peaceful demonstrators.

How Media Has Changed The Modern Landscape Of...

As technology advances, modern mass media platforms have changed the way the audience receives information. It is established that over the last few decades, there has been a significant difference between traditional means of mass media such as print and mails and the modern mass media communication channels. With the introduction of the Internet, a variety of media companies have improved means of producing and transmitting news using various platforms. As a result, convergence has occurred in the media space as communication networks are interlinked to share media content in the marketplace (Jenkins 2006, p. 2). This paper analyzes and provides examples of ways in which convergence has transformed the modern landscape of communications and media. Convergence in communication and media platforms refers to a phenomenon where the flow of media content, as well as technologies and standards of communication carriage, has blurred the traditional forms of media. According to Henry Jenkins (2006, p. 2), convergence is the flow of media content across a number of media channels. It also involves the interrelationship between different media channels, and the migratory behavior of audiences who search entertainment experiences from a media platform that suits them. In this sense, convergence in communications and media is associated with the technology in the media space and audience consumption patterns. Research shows that convergence in media and communications does not occurShow MoreRelatedSocial Media as a Business Tool1762 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Social Media as a Business Tool: In the digital age that is a major characteristic of the modern society, people are increasingly using social media as the major means of communication. Social media is used for communication because people have continued to leave conventional media in favor of the new revolution in communication. As engaging with social media has become a major characteristic in the modern day culture and working environment, the popularity of social media is a huge businessRead MoreMedia Landscape in the World940 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Landscape in the World The New Modern Media October 12, 2012 The New Modern Media Watching TV while having morning coffee, listening radio on the way to work, checking Facebook before work, tweeting in the lunch break, and googling information related to work; that is the way the new modern media has changed our lives. To understand the term modern media more, Debashis Aikat(n.d.), Associate Professor and Media Futurist, has come up with a definition, â€Å"Modern media refers to mass communicationRead MoreAdvantage and Disadvantage of Technology1265 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A parabolic satellite communication antenna at the biggest facility for satellite communication in Raisting, Bavaria, Germany Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet Telecommunication is the science and practice of transmitting information by electromagnetic means. Communication is talking to someone or thing not necessarily through technological means. TelecommunicationRead MoreBusiness and Employee use of Social Media.910 Words   |  4 Pagescustomer on Twitter feed. How do you want your companys brand to be thought of on social media? We live in an age where consumers are plugged into social media constantly, and this affects their purchasing decisions, perceptions and habits. Any business that wants to retain its image as modern and capable, as well as listening to its customers has to embrace social media, and its employees are the front-line troops in this task. We will demonstrate how the proper use of social media can enhance the reputationRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society1652 Words   |  7 Pageschange, and the future approached, but Andy may have underestimated just how true that is. Nowadays, the quote has been translated to fit the modern times, â€Å"everyone will be famous for 15mb†. The quote being changed to that says a lot about the times that we are going through right now, which is the age of technology. ‘Mb’ (megabyte) taking the place of ‘minutes’ inside the quote expresses the general idea that society has become dominated by technology. 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I believe that social media has made three important changes to the way humans handle information. First, it has changed who produces the world’s information. Second, it has changed the process by which information is formed. Finally, it has actively encouraged theRead MoreMedia Use and Media Consumption in the Home Environment Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pageswhen approaching media audiences. It is dependent on the context of viewing, making media use and media consumption within the home environment and other contexts an interesting area of study. During the 1980s the emergence and increasing use of television increased media research into consumption in an everyday context, addressing the d omestic, the family and its contribution to daily life. The importance can be displayed through the centrality of the position of the television and how the arrangementRead MoreDiy Culture From A Youtube Video Blog1688 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology In this digital age, Do-It-Yourself (DIY) content is one of the most searched subjects on the web, supported by modern advanced technology. Thus, this paper displays the way technology facilitates the development of DIY used on the Web, particularly Youtube. This paper explores the communities formed from online interactions between DIYers. This paper also investigates how technology allows DIYers to find values and the purpose of DIY in their personal lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically speaking,Read MoreThe Globalization of Animated Features and the Merging of Cultures1030 Words   |  5 PagesBy using the inherent talents of its people to create digital media forms as anime, Japan has been spreading its culture and philosophy all over the globe, and this can be described as globalization. Up until recently, there were around 60 anime production companies, such as Crunchyroll and Funimation, and these companies â€Å"provided products in 112 countries† that held approximately â€Å"87 percent of the world’s population† (Anonymous). Additionally, in 2010, the anime-related market in North America

Effective Methods For Accommodating Students With...

Research Question: What are effective methods for accommodating students’ with disabilities in inclusive settings in elementary schools? Preface The right to equal education should be in reach of all students’ regardless of their educational needs and backgrounds. The barriers that students’ with disabilities face are evident in today’s public school education. We as educators sometimes ignore the capabilities of some of our disabled students’ and impede them from achieving their fullest potential. Inclusive education implementation has helped improve the quality of education offered to all children who attend school. To ensure that all our students’ receive quality and equal education policies and teacher practices must be inclusive of all learners. This research will look into inclusive settings and methods used by teachers to support children with disabilities. It will also explore the pros and cons of inclusive settings in elementary schools. Defining Disabilities Who do we consider disabled? How do we define disability? The term disability is a term that is used by many to describe a person who has mental or physical impairments. The term is often connected with visible forms of disabilities. Inclusive Education What is inclusive education? Inclusive education is educating students with special educational needs in the same classroom as a general education student. It rejects the idea of dividing students with disabilities with those who are not disabled. Inclusion isShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )976 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior as well as an increase in productivity within classroom environments as a whole. Although a few voices question the alternative approaches in accommodating ADHD affected students, the strategies applied have demonstrated academic success (Bussing et al., 2012). ADHD classroom intervention developments establish positive results from the methods and causes, and minimize opposition regarding the innovating trends used. Typically, once a child is diagnosed with ADHD, the treatment options areRead MoreTeaching Strategies For Children With Disabilities1387 Words   |  6 PagesI am a sophomore in college and growing up I have always had a lot of love for children with disabilities. My parents taught me that everyone is not the same, but God made everyone in his image. A school in Arizona has a program named Reteach and Enrich that helps children with disabilities. Mariko Nobori states that â€Å"The goal of the program is to give disorder students the opportunity to master essential skills and knowledge before they move on to the next level† (5 Strategies). It can be veryRead MoreCognitive Theory And Teaching Vocabulary Enhancement For Various Types Of Learners1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematics and science. 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This Paper Will Summarize1748 Wor ds   |  7 PagesDemographics of the School District In eastern South Dakota, the school district that the Curriculum Specialist contracts with has an enrollment of around 1,135 students. Out of this population of students, 14% are students with disabilities and 26% are economically disadvantaged. The district does not have any Native American students nor any English Language Learners, but about 2% of the population are Hispanic, Latino, and Multi-Racial. The population of the Non-Gap group (includes White/CaucasianRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Gardner On Multiple Intelligences1380 Words   |  6 Pageslearning the in the classroom, and can affect how well a student performs in a certain class. Intelligence also has a biological foundation, which means that the potential for a child to reach full mental capacity is determined by his or her genetics. However, intelligence is not completely biologically deterministic because the nurturing of the child can also affect how intelligent he or she can become, which can also take part in the c lassroom. Students have their strengths and weaknesses in certain subject

The Human Hero free essay sample

He is a detective. He is a hero. He is a mystery solving a mystery. Sherlock Holmes, the brilliant creation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is perhaps the most illustrious detective in English literature. His literary presence in my development has produced the blossom of critical and analytical thought as features of my intellect and affection for literature. The paragon of truth through science and logic, his objective, reclusive mind is driven by an icy desire for the triumph of scientific reasoning over results intertwined with hot-blooded emotions. He is a solitary creature, not in fear of love or friendship, but instead due to a cautious instinct to preserve his gift, to keep it pure of adulterations like softer passions that could blur the parameters of logic. Holmes possesses neither supernatural abilities, nor any power out of man’s reach. His extraordinary instrument lies in his mind, and is not completely accredited to a genetic advantage, but instead is a result of yea rs of molding, developing, and perfecting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He dominates an aptitude for deductive reasoning which needs only concrete facts to produce a genesis of blatant, but at the same time concealed solutions. Holmes’s service is not reserved only for the highbrow members of society, but also for the poorest factions in need of his gift. He is a humanitarian with a detached sympathy for the world and, although isolated, represents a different type of approachable hero. The notable difference between Holmes and other heroes is Holmes’s ability to relate to the public. Like ordinary people, Holmes is subject to worldly limitations, such as the necessity for money, and assistance from external authorities to consummate the closing of a case. In addition, his personal shortcomings, which include a vanity complex and a taciturn egotism, humanize him because they dismantle the illusion of perfection so typical of archetypal superheroes. It was this ostensible humanity within his character that first appealed to me. I came acros s this mystery series during a competition in my Gifted and Talented club during seventh grade. Albeit reluctant at first, I took on the challenge of reading a novel featuring the detective for the sake of helping my team. Reading the first few pages was enough to convince me that the novel was above my vocabulary level, the next few pages let me know that the novel was above my comprehensive level. However, the idiosyncratic distinction which set me apart from other classmates, my inherent craving to read compulsively, would not let me turn from this challenge. Gradually, the confounding mysteries and puzzles so characteristic of the Sherlock Holmes mysteries opened my mind to a new way of thinking. I found that my curiosity about the commonplace increased, my thirst for opportunities to use problem-solving skills enlarged, and my yearning to read was insatiable. In fact, the blend of this newfound inquisitiveness and my penchant for writing later stimulated my interest in journali sm and politics. I will always feel a sense of loyalty to Sherlock Holmes. His stories have taught me different ways to approach quandaries, have inspired the writer within me, and have elevated my reading level. His weaknesses removed him from the usual pedestal idols are placed on, and his talent and dedication motivated me to think outside of the box.

Strategic Management Art or Science

Human Capital, Human Assets Intellectual Capital Essay Example

Human Capital, Human Assets Intellectual Capital Essay Example Human Capital, Human Assets Intellectual Capital Paper Human Capital, Human Assets Intellectual Capital Paper This essay discusses and explores the terms Human Capital, Human assets and Intellectual capital. Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples skills and abilities as used in employment (Economic Review, 2004). According to Robert Heller, A business can realize the benefits of its greatest asset by winning the hearts, minds and spirit of people. Human assets are those personal qualities and characteristics that enhance the individual health, happiness and well being of each family member. The intellectual capital refers to the knowledge and knowing capability of a social collectivity such as an organization, intellectual community or professional practice (1998:245). The essay also focuses the way in which these terms are beneficial to HR managers to use these terms to assist themselves and communicating and planning human resource management strategies. Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples skills and abilities as used in employment and otherwise contribute to the economy. It is a stock of asset one owns, which allows one to receive a flow of income, which is like interest earned. Human capital is substitutable i.e. it will not replace land, labor or capital totally, but it can be substituted for them to various degrees and be included as a separate variable in a production function. While explaining human capital by the unique characteristics of knowledge: it is expandable and self generating with use. For example, a doctor gets more experience, her knowledge base will increase, as will her endowment of human capital. A free worker cannot sell human capital to receive money revenues, even a slave, whose human capital can be sold, does not earn an income himself or herself instead the slave owner gets the income under capitalism, to earn an income, a worker must submit to the authority of an employer who want to hire for a specified period of time. This means that the employer must be receiving an adequate rate of profit from his or her operations, so that the workers must be producing surplus-value i.e. doing work beyond that necessary to maintain their labor power (www.marxist.org) Following Becker, the human capital literature often distinguishes between Specific and General human capital. Specific human capital refers to skills or knowledge that is useful only to a single employer, who will be likely willing to pay for it, where as general human capital such as literacy is useful to all employers. Thus human capital represents the single greatest potential asset and the single greatest potential liability that an organization will acquire as it goes about is business. While there are intangible assets, human capital is the only intangible assets that can be influenced, but never completely controlled, invested in wisely or wasted thoughtlessly and still have tremendous value. These distinguishing features are what make human capital unique. A business can realize the benefits of its greatest asset by winning the hearts, minds and spirit of the people (Robert Heller 2001). Human assets are those personal qualities and characteristics that enhance the individual health, happiness and well being of each family member. They include our health, values, talents, heritage, attitude, habits and time. While in case of a firms human assets consist of the employees and the collection of their knowledge, skills and abilities also known as human capital. The firm can buy the human capital by hiring employees and the firm can achieve human capital through, training, job experience etc. Most of the capabilities that a firm possesses can be linked to human capital and therefore this form of asset is considered critical for creating and sustaining competitive advantage (managing human assets in a uncertain world, 1999). However human assets, like other forms of assets have several uncertainties associated with it. The future value of human assets can be uncertain for example performance of employees may go down over time or job responsibilities may change causing a misfit between the person and job. The number of employees demand may fluctuate according to the market conditions. There may be demand unexpected for skills that the employees do not possess. Also, the costs of human assets in the form of wages, salaries, benefits etc, may also be uncertain. Human assets like other forms of assets have several uncertainties associated with it. There are three types of uncertainties in human assets uncertainty of return, uncertainties of volume and uncertainties of cost. Uncertainty of return. The future value of human assets can be uncertain. For example performance of employees may go down overtime or change in job responsibilities. Uncertainty of volume and combinations The number of employees demanded may fluctuate according to market conditions or unexpected demand for skills that the employees dont possess constitutes this uncertainty. Uncertainties of cost- They are associated with the high and fixed cost of employees especially when revenues are volatile. The top 10 areas to measure human assets, as recommended by Jack Fitz-enz, chair of the Saratoga Institute (now part of Spherions Human Capital Consulting Group), in a recent issue of Workforce magazine (www. workforce.com), wont all apply to your company, but some will: 1. Your most important issues: These are the targets of all lower-level measures. Focus on them and ensure that your metrics lead in a direct line to them. 2. Human capital value added: How do your workers optimize themselves for the good of the company and for themselves? This is the primary measure of an individuals contribution to profitability. 3. Human capital ROI: This is the ratio of dollars spent on pay and benefits to an adjusted profit figure. 4. Separation cost. How many people are leaving? From which departments? What does it cost the company? The average cost of separation for an employee is at least six months equivalent of revenue per employee. 5. Voluntary separation rate: Lost personnel equal potential lost opportunity, lost revenue, and the cost of workers having to fill the gaps under greater stress. Cutting the separation rate saves the cost of hiring and keeps customer service quality high. 6. Total labor-cost revenue percentage. This is total benefits and compensation cost as a percentage of organizational revenue and shows how much of what you are taking in through revenue goes to support the companys total labor cost, including temporary, seasonal, and contract or contingent workers. This metric can help you track changes in your workforce. Best approach: Compare it to your revenue factor and compensation, benefits, and contingent off-payroll costs. If the metric is rising, determine whether compensation or benefits costs are up or revenue is down. This will help you decide what actions to take. 7. Total compensation revenue percentage: This is the percentage of the companys revenues allocated to the direct costs of employees. It excludes costs for off-payroll employees who receive a 1099 form (as does the metric in number 6, above). Before creating strategies to address concerns, compare this metric to your revenue factor, compensation costs, and benefits costs to analyze what is happening with workers. 8. Training investment factor. Basic skills are crucial: Workers who cannot read, write, do simple calculations, or talk intelligently with customers need to have these skill deficiencies addressed. 9. Time to start. Recruitment will continue to be a challenge. The amount of the time it takes from approval of a job requisition until the person is on the job is a strategic indicator of revenue production. 10. Revenue factor. This is the basic measure understood by managers. The accumulation of exceptionally talented individuals is not enough for the organization. There must also be a desire for the employees to invest their skills and expertise in the organization and their position. The individuals must commit or engage with the organization if effective utilization of human capital is to happen. In addition, therefore, to human capital, there must also be social capital and organizational capital. These three forums of capital contribute to overall concept of intellectual capital. For Nahapiet Ghoshal (1998), intellectual capital refers to the knowledge and knowing capacity of a social collectivity, such as an organization, intellectual community or professional practice (1998:245) Intellectual capital consists of both people and systems. The stock of human capital consists of human i.e. the knowledge skills and abilities of people social capital is the valuable relationships among people and the organizational capital is the processes and routines within the firm. (Wright et. Al, 2001:716) Developing human capital therefore requires attention to these other complementarities. For a competitive advantage is to be achieved there must be integration between human, social and organizational capital, social capital increases the efficiency of action and aids cooperative behavior (Nahapiet Ghoshal 1998) Social relationship has an important influence on the development of both human and intellectual capital. For example individuals with better social capital and stronger contact networks will earn higher rates of return on their human capital (Garavan et.al 2001:52). Attending to the conditions, under which people are prepared to share and act upon their knowledge is a major component of human capital management. The principle role of organizational capital is to link the resources of an organization. Together into process that create value for customers and sustainable competitive advantage for the firm (Dess Picken 1999:11). Thus the connections between human capital, social capital and organizational capital will produce intellectual capital. The suggested measuring approaches for intangibles fall into four main categories of measurement approaches. These categories are an extension of the classifications suggested by Luthy (1998) and Williams (2000). 1. Direct Intellectual Capital methods (DIC) Estimate the $-value of intangible assets by identifying its various components. Once these components are identified, they can be directly evaluated, either individually or as an aggregated coefficient. 2. Market Capitalization Methods (MCM) Calculate the difference between a companys market capitalization and its stockholders equity as the value of its intellectual capital or intangible assets. 3. Return on Assets methods (ROA) Average pre-tax earnings of a company for a period of time are divided by the average tangible assets of the company. The result is a company ROA that is then compared with its industry average. The difference is multiplied by the companys average tangible assets to calculate an average annual earning from the Intangibles. Dividing the above-average earnings by the companys average cost of capital or an interest rate, one can derive an estimate of the value of its intangible assets or intellectual capital. 4. Scorecard Methods (SC) The various components of intangible assets or intellectual capital are identified and indicators and indices are generated and reported in scorecards or as graphs. SC methods are similar to DIS methods, expect that no estimate is made of the $-value of the Intangible assets. A composite index may or may not be produced. These terms Human Capital, Human Assets and Intellectual Capital are inter related. They are very much useful to HR Managers for communicating and planning human resource management strategies. As human capital has uncertainties, a firm needs to manage these uncertainties. So that they do not affect the overall performance of the organization. Firms typically respond to adverse business conditions by down sizing, thereby losing valuable human capital with potentially adverse effects on the firms performance (Cascio, 2002). Human resource practices are mechanisms through which the human capitals of the firm are acquired. Human capital helps the HR managers to keep the employees motivated, maintained and acquired. HR practices have many positive impacts on the firm. HR options are investments in the human capital pool of an organization that provide the capability to respond to future contingent events. Human resource managers deploy human capital in order to limit downside risk and create opportunities for greater returns in the future. The HR options lie in allowing the firm to respond actively to uncertainties of human assets. Many of the HR practices are aimed at building a human capital pool able to deliver returns in the current time period under current conditions. However HR practices are also aimed at building a human capital capability to respond to future uncertain events (Wright and Snell, 1998). HR practices helps to build or maintain culture and communication. A company needs its managers to manage properly its human capital and human assets under various circumstances. Risks in returns for investments in human capital cannot be ignored and to do so would result in greater, rather than less variability in relationships with employees over time. HR options generate the capability for use managing changes incriminatingly. The extent use of HR options and their usefulness will depend upon the extent of risks associated with the human capital of the firm. In conclusion, many corporations around the world have found that measuring and managing intellectual capital can provide them with a competitive advantage. Adam Smith determined that human capital in different localities is valued in different ways. Human can be developed and cultivated, but it can also decide to leave the organization, become sick, disheartened and even influence others to behave in a way that may not be to the advantage of an employer. The performance of an organizations human capital, human assets or intellectual capital is not predicable or within the control of the employer.

Security of our nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security of our nation - Essay Example As a direct result of the fact that an increased level of interconnectedness and communication links diverse communities and individuals the world over, the nature and scope of existing threats to national security it might be posed by elements that would wish to do the United States harm has been drastically increased. Yet, in order to more completely understand the issues relating to domestic and international eavesdropping/spying that has been proven to exist by the leaks of whistleblower Edward Snowden and others, the following analysis will focus upon the key issues, the stakeholders involved within the scope of this espionage, and the technology involved. By regarding these issues and focusing on the political and ethical ramifications that these issues entail, the analysis will be able to pinpoint the way in which this issue is currently defined. Firstly, with regards to the key issues, it can be understood that the right and expectation to privacy is the first and most presci ent of all. Whereas constitutional scholars have argued for decades over whether or not the Constitution in and of itself guarantees or somehow implies a right to privacy, the fact of the matter is that this has come to be something of an expected norm within the American society and the way of life. As such, the revelations concerning the fact that millions upon millions of phone calls, emails, instant messages, social networks, chats, texts, and web searches are stored and analyzed by a litany of different computer algorithms and analysts has rekindled the debate and focused many individuals upon the key issue of privacy and the means through which personal information can or should be intercepted in the name of national security (Hill 19). The second key issue that exists within this particular analysis is whether or not a domestic spy agency is allowed to intercept communications of American citizens if these communications are not taking place between the individual and someone outside the country and/or taking place between American citizen and an individual who is a suspect or person of interest with regards to national security. This is the more ignored aspect of the debate. Ultimately, the intelligence agencies within the United States, the CIA, the DIA, the NSA, and a litany of others, are all bound by a central and constraining rubric. This central rubric concerns the fact that these agencies are not allowed to spy on United States is within the United States. However, the revelations of whistleblower Edward Snowden point to the fact that agency such as the NSA have flagrantly been ignoring this rule for years. In seeking to gain a greater deal of understanding with regards to the stakeholders of this particular issue, the reader can come to a simple understanding; that each and every individual within the United States and throughout the world is impacted by the actions that are being taken by the National Security Agency and other intelligence gro ups are tracking, recording, and monitoring the communications of individuals around the globe. This delineation of â€Å"everyone† as a potential stakeholder in this process is underscored by the fact that recent documentation and revelations by Edward Snowden and others have pointed to the fact that the information of

Science, Genetics, and human identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Science, Genetics, and human identity - Essay Example Some of the claims that can be evaluated and assessed with the use of scientific literacy include environmental degradation such as global warming, as well as the introduction of genetically modified organization. Scientific literacy should be studied since it affects numerous aspects of human life as will be discussed in the paper. It can be studied, as well as acquired through experiences. This paper will respond to the issue of scientific literacy and provide an argument as to what the concept entails. The question that the paper will primarily focus on is; Why is scientific literacy an issue that warrants scientific inquiry and what can be learned from this concept? In my opinion, there are numerous changes in the natural world that are taking place on a daily basis and these changes should be understood scientifically. Such an understanding can only be gained through scientific literacy, which helps people to interpret natural phenomenon and make sense of what is taking place in the world. Literacy in science encourages curiosity, and as a result, people are able to learn many things and make predictions of natural concepts and events. Moreover, scientifically literate persons have the ability to make points of view and come up with ideas that can be said to be scientific. Scientific literacy enables people to assess whether information is of good quality by evaluating where the information came from and the strategies employed while generating this information. Various publications have been made about science. From these publications, it is evident that science matters a lot and scientific literacy entails the knowledge that helps a person to understand issues that affect the public. In addition, scientific literature is essential in enabling a person to put new developments that have been experienced in the world into action and categorize them to the context they belong. It is true that the exposure of Americans to science is minimal and they

Supply-Chain Operations Reference-Model (SCOR)

Supply-Chain Operations Reference-Model (SCOR) What is an SCOR? The Supply-chain operations reference-model (SCOR) is a preferred method for supply chain management required processes. The model enables to locate, improve and share or exchange information in and out of the acquired project.The contribute-fasten trading operations allusion-design was improved in 1996 by the conduct consulting resolute PRTM, now part of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) and AMR Research, now part of Gartner, and indoors by the Supply-Chain Council (SCC), now part of APICS, as the misfortune-labor de facto average generalship, performance contrivance, and narrative progress diagnostic bowl for administer bond control. Supply-chain network Operations process is an administration apparatus, spreading over from the provider to the client. The model has been produced by the individuals from the Board on a volunteer premise to depict the work exercises connected with all periods of fulfilling a clients request. Examples for SCOR model based companies:- Mobarakeh Steel Company: Mobarakeh Steel Organization is one of the greatest mechanical buildings in Iran with an ostensible limit of 4 million tons of hot and frosty steel items. The organization comprises of four noteworthy shops including direct decreased iron making, throwing, hot rolling and chilly rolling. The significant column material of the plant which is mineral stone is transported by unique prepares around 300-400 kilometers a long way from the organization. The items are generally delivered in light of the client orders. A portion of the key clients of the organization are administration focuses, car parts delivering organizations and pipe making organizations. The key procedures of the organization are deals, acquiring, creation, generation and transportation arranging and repair and support. Despite the fact that there are some spread data frameworks, the real arrangement of the organization which covers around 60% of the present procedures is Mobarakeh MIS (Administration Data Framework). Th e MIS comprises of 10 subsystems yet the ones more identified with the inventory network procedures are Request Passage, Generation Arranging, Creation Control, Deals Administration and Buying. Modelling: The Steel can be created utilizing diverse strategies for example, impact heater (BF) and direct lessening (DR). BF speaks to over 66% of worldwide steel generation. Figure1 speaks to the general BF steel inventory network. The key crude materials comprise of iron mineral and coke. A few sorts of press mineral can be given; i.e. press metal is mined whats more, arranged as think which are sold as isolate items. Steel items can be moreover delivered in various qualities and different moving sorts (pillar and bar et cetera) upon clients demand. In this examination, LP is utilized to model supply chain arranging and its administration in the BF steel industry. The model comprises of issue definition, suspicions, choice factors, parameters and files, target work, and limitations. Processing: In this review, the production network of three steel generation units subsidiary with the IMIDRO, which are utilizing the impact heater strategy, was considered. These units buy two sorts of iron mineral (fractionized and focus) from five accessible mines and furthermore buy the coke from one plant. It offers four steel item sorts to four entirety venders. The names of mines, steel and coke making plant. Final Production: The model yielded cost diminishment in supply chain components, including providing crude materials, fabricating steel items and dispersion. Since the limit of providing press mineral mines is significantly more than that of steel manufacturing plants generation, every one of the industrial facilities work at full limit. This recommends maker excess is utilized for the immediate diminishment plant and fare. All results of the Focal Iron Metal Mine are delivered to plants yet the buy of GolGohar and Jalalabad mines is not proficient. The SCOR was planned as a LP display, single-goal, multi crude materials, multi-providers, and multi products. The goal of this model was to minimize all costs identified with metal and coke, their transportation, steel creation and conveyance taken a toll as to upgrade profitability. Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH): Positioned as the top healing center in New Britain and second across the country. It is likewise the biggest healing facility in New Britain; it utilizes a normal of 58 working rooms, where around 150 surgical methodology are performed day by day. Administration of surgical supplies is a basic part of the procedures supporting this framework. In particular, guaranteeing the correct hardware and supplies are accessible at the ideal time is basic for the effectiveness and quality results of each of the strategies. The materials administration gather handles more than 10,000 one of a kind things, bought from more than 400 sellers. The dominant part (60-70%) of dispensable supplies are requested through Owens and Minor, a therapeutic and surgical supplies merchant. The provisions are put away in different areas all through the healing center, including two focal areas and also trucks and cupboards on the surgical floors and in the working rooms. Meeting Medicare Edges: The HIDA report records beat suggestions to drive the following level of inventory network reserve funds. Among them is tending to end-to-end inventory network expenses and refocusing endeavors on information institutionalization, which Spann stresses as one of his top arrangements. With a specific end goal to generally receive information principles, specialists crosswise over associations encourage making efforts to advance information institutionalization, fabricating a working group of specialists crosswise over organizations to talk about reception forms and distinguish necessities, and show how information gauges can prompt to cost investment funds. Between Day Forms: Stock levels over all areas are checked on every day. Every weekday morning, materials administration stroll through diverse stock areas, distinguish things with stock levels underneath their predetermined standard levels and note the amount that ought to be requested to bring these things to their standard levels. For strength things that are not kept in the focal areas, the ORSs make a demand, and materials administration staff will put in a buy request for their benefit. The greater part of nonspecific supplies (60%-70%) are bought through Owens and Minor (OM), a driving therapeutic and surgical supplies merchant that gives conveyance, and whatever is left of the requests are either provided via Cardinal (custom surgical packs, curtains and outfits) Every night, the working rooms stock levels are surveyed and re-loaded as vital according to the predefined standard levels. The lunder working rooms are loaded from CSPS and the Legacy rooms are supplied from Jackso n Supply. Claim to fame things situated in the spotless centers or strength trucks are restocked by the ORSs, and the nonspecific supplies in the perfect centers are re-loaded by the materials facilitators who stock the rooms. Intra-Day Forms: Each surgical case requires surgical instrument sets and expendable sterile supplies, the vast majority of which are picked and conveyed to the OR preceding the strategy on a devoted case truck. The rundown of things that are required by a particular specialist for a particular system is continued a separate inclination card, which is checked on by nursing staff a couple days before the methodology to make any patient particular modification. The explored card is the reason for a pick rundown, which incorporates all the required things, their amounts and correct areas. Pick records normally incorporate three sorts of things: (i) Surgical instruments (e.g., forceps, retractors) that are disinfected in CSPS after each time they are utilized; some of them are kept in instrument sets and some freely, (ii) Custom surgical packs, which are strategy particular units pre-pressed and sanitized by the merchant (iii) Independently stuffed dispensable supplies. A portion of the things on the pick rundown are characterized as standby things, and those ought not be opened unless required, to counteract waste. Comparison of SCOR in Steel and Medical Industries: The supply chain of the steel company relays much on the quality crude oil acquired to extract different minerals to produce different materials and needs use of heavy machinery to produce and work of labor to transport the finished product. Whereas in the Medicare industry the instruments that are used are to be carefully taken care of in a hygienic environment and ensure that the instrument that are to reached out to the patients must be in time and does not harm the patients health. Safety plays a major and have to constantly checked and enlisted about the quantity. References: Int. Journal of Mining Geo-Engineering

The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true. The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeare's Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true.

Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012 – 2016 – Industry Monitor.Co

IndustryMonitor. Co announces addition of new report â€Å"Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012 – 2016† in it’s database. To book your copy of this report @ http://www. industrymonitor. co/report/166461-global TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Industrial Silica Sand market to grow at a CAGR of 4. 50 percent over the period 2012-2016. One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the increased adoption of industrial silica sand for hydraulic fracturing. The Global Industrial Silica Sand market has also been witnessing the increasing focus toward R activities.However, increasing use of recycled silica sand could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. TechNavio's report, Global Industrial Silica Sand Market 2012-2016, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis of the market with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the Americas, and the EMEA and APAC regions; it also covers Global Industrial Silica Sand marke t landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market.Key vendors dominating this market space include namely Quarzwerke GmbH, U. S. Silica Holdings Inc. , Fairmount Minerals Ltd. , and Sibelco Group For Request The Sample of this Report Visit: http://www. industrymonitor. co/sample/sample/166461 Other vendors mentioned in the report: Preferred Sands LLC, Xinyi Golden Ruite Quartz Materials Co. Ltd. , Xuzhou Shihang Silica Sand Co. Ltd. , Zhuzhou Kibing Group Co. Ltd. , J. R. Simplot Co. , Pattison Sand Co. LLC, and CEMEX SAB de CV. Key questions answered in this report: What will the market size be in 2016 and at what will be the growth rate?What are key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each o f these key vendors? Latest Report: Global Advance Process Control Software Market 2012 – 2016 : http://www. industrymonitor. co/report/166460-global TechNavio's analysts forecast the Global Advance Process Control Software market to grow at a CAGR of 10. 67 percent over the period 2012-2016.One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the migration from legacy system to Advance Process Control software. The Global Advance Process Control Software market has also been witnessing the development of customized APC software. However, lack of awareness about APC software could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. TechNavio's report, Global Advance Process Control Software Market 2012-2016, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis of the market with inputs from industry experts.The report covers the Americas, and the EMEA and APAC regions; it also covers Global Advance Process Control Software market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market. Contact Us: Hemendra Pratap State Tower 90 State Street, Suite 700 Albany, NY 12207 United States Tel: +1-518-618-1030 [email  protected] co Website: http://www. industrymonitor. co/ Blog: http://industrymonitorblog. blogspot. com/

The History of Concrete and Cement

Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance known as an aggregate (usually made from different types of sand and gravel), that is bonded together by cement and water. Aggregates can include sand, crushed stone, gravel, slag, ashes, burned shale, and burned clay. Fine aggregate (fine refers to the size of the aggregate particulates) is used in making concrete slabs and smooth surfaces. Coarse aggregate is used for massive structures or sections of cement. Cement has been around a lot longer than the building material we recognize as concrete. Cement in Antiquity Cement is thought to be older than humanity itself, having formed naturally 12 million years ago, when burnt limestone reacted with oil shale. Concrete dates back to at least 6500 BCE when the Nabatea of what we know now as Syria and Jordan used a precursor of modern-day concrete to build structures that survive to this day. The Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding substance or cement. The Egyptians used lime and gypsum cement. The Nabateau are thought to have invented an early form of hydraulic concrete—which hardens when exposed to water—using lime. The adoption of concrete as a building material transformed architecture throughout the Roman Empire, making possible structures and designs that could not have been built using just the stone that had been a staple of early Roman architecture. Suddenly, arches and aesthetically ambitious architecture became much easier to build. The Romans used concrete to build still-standing landmarks such as the Baths, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The arrival of the Dark Ages, however, saw such artistic ambition dwindle alongside scientific progress. In fact, the Dark Ages saw many developed techniques for making and using concrete lost. Concrete would not take its next serious steps forward until long after the Dark Ages had passed. The Age of Enlightenment In 1756, the British engineer John Smeaton made the first modern concrete (hydraulic cement) by adding pebbles as a coarse aggregate and mixing powered brick into the cement. Smeaton developed his new formula for concrete in order to build the third Eddystone Lighthouse, but his innovation drove a huge surge in the use of concrete in modern structures. In 1824, the English inventor Joseph Aspdin invented Portland Cement, which has remained the dominant form of cement used in concrete production. Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. The burning process changed the chemical properties of the materials and allowed Aspdin to create a stronger cement than plain crushed limestone would produce. The Industrial Revolution Concrete took a historic step forward with the inclusion of ​embedded metal (usually steel) to form what’s now called reinforced concrete or ferroconcrete. Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph Monier, who received a patent in 1867. Monier was a Parisian gardener who made garden pots and tubs of concrete reinforced with an iron mesh. Reinforced concrete combines the tensile or bendable strength of metal and the compressional strength of concrete to withstand heavy loads. Monier exhibited his invention at the Paris Exposition of 1867. Besides his pots and tubs, Monier promoted reinforced concrete for use in railway ties, pipes, floors, and arches. Its uses also ended up including the first concrete-reinforced bridge and massive structures such as the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams.